Winds gusting over 40 mph across southern Saskatchewan during the afternoon on 11 October 2022 resulted in lofted aerosols from localized regions becoming long and narrow plumes carried downstream into northeast Montana and northwest North Dakota. GOES-East 5-min Geocolor imagery captured these light gray colored plumes quite well as they were fairly opaque and their appearance contrasted nicely with otherwise brown/green surface (Fig 1). From the Geocolor alone, one could deduce these plumes were likely emanating from or near a lakebed. A quick look at the source lat/lons on google maps also reveals lakebeds.
Figure 2: 11 Oct 2022 GOES-East 5-min Geocolor over southern Saskatchewan and MT/ND, METARs.
Viewing these sources in recent high resolution Sentinel-2 True Color Imagery, we see from the high reflectance signature that these are indeed mostly to fully dry lakebeds, confirming the source of the lofted aerosols to be dry lakebed sediments (Fig 2 and 3).
Fig 2: Sentinel-2 True Color Imagery captured from sentinelhub EO Browser, centered over southern Saskatchewan dry lakebeds that were the source region of blowing dust plumes.Fig 3: Sentinel-2 True Color Imagery captured from sentinelhub EO Browser, centered over the southernmost southern Saskatchewan dry lakebed that was a source region of blowing dust.
Due to drought conditions across the region over the past few years, there has been a drying of saline lakes in the area resulting in these types of blowing salt-dust events. As a result, there have been numerous highway accidents due to reduced visibility, and cattle are getting sick and dying due to contamination of drinking water. This article from a month ago discusses an event that caused a multi-vehicle pile-up.
Strong winds continued across the region the next day (Oct 12), and resulting blowing dust salt was captured in GOES-East Meso-2 1-min sector (Fig 4).
Figure 4: 12 Oct 2022 GOES-East 1-min Geocolor Imagery.
Viewing a zoomed out, full disk version of GOES-East Geocolor, we notice smoke wrapping around a low as it advances east across Canada (Fig 5). Where did this smoke come from?
Figure 5: 11 Oct 2022 GOES-East 10-min Full Disk Sector Geocolor over southern Saskatchewan and MT/ND, METARs. Imagery can be accessed on CIRA Slider
Investigation of Day and Night VIIRS Geocolor Imagery (with semi-transparent Fire Temperature RGB overlay) from the past few days captures the burst of a large wildfire complex in Northwest Territories, Canada (Fig 6). VIIRS Geocolor includes the real-time DNB light information as well, which provides detailed info about the active fire areas during the evening that wasn’t quite captured in the thermal bands. The image combination depicts both the actively burning wildfire as well as the smoke plume in great detail. This complex and other nearby fires were the source for the broad smoke plume observed wrapping around the Canada low on the 11th. This image combination can be viewed on the Polar SLIDER here.
Figure 6: 9 – 11 Oct 2022 VIIRS Geocolor and Fire Temperature RGB blend. From CIRA Slider.
Viewing the nighttime DNB NCC product alone during the past few nights, we see the light associated with the fire increase dramatically during the night of the 9th-10th (Fig 7).
Figure 7: 9 – 11 Oct 2022 VIIRS DNB Near Constant Contrast product. From CIRA Slider.
Bill Line, NESDIS/STAR
Kyle Ziolkowski (ECCC/MSC/Storm Prediction Centre – Winnipeg)
On Saturday October 1st the remnants of Hurricane Ian were moving northward through the Mid-Atlantic region, after making a second U.S. landfall the previous day in South Carolina. Overnight, the SPC was monitoring the final stages of Ian’s extra-tropical transition with a marginal threat for severe weather in the coastal North Carolina/Virginia region.
One forecaster on shift that night was monitoring the remnants from the perspective of GOES-16, and noted how various ABI products could be used to examine cloud layers and types in this dynamic environment.
CH7 shortwave and CH13/15 longwave IR shows mainly the cooler cloud tops associated with high-level clouds. Low-level clouds can be inferred by the warmer temps (CH7) or weaker grey features in CH13/15. However, the NtM [Nighttime Microphysics] RGB composite satellite data neatly contrasts colder, high-level clouds (western PA westward and in a warm conveyer belt over the Atlantic) from the lower but cool clouds (North Carolina into Virginia) and the very low, warm clouds (southeast Pennsylvania into New Jersey and Delaware). Though buoyancy is scant and severe is not expected in this area, the NtM RGB composite’s ability to contrast cloud types in this event demonstrates potential to identify important cloud features related to severe weather.
SPC Forecaster Comment
When overlaid with the RAP mesoanalysis field at 500 mb, the Channel-13 (Clean Longwave IR) and Channel-7 (Shortwave IR) bands from the ABI reveal the higher, cooler cloud tops north of the low into Pennsylvania. The warm conveyor belt over the Atlantic coast can be seen in the 500 mb RAP mesoanalysis with enhanced southerly winds east of low, and from the ABI infrared imagery with a lack of high clouds due to upper level subsidence.
Channel 13 (clean longwave IR) imagery of Ian’s remnants from the perspective of GOES-16. Overlaid with 500 mb RAP mesoanalysis data.
Channel 7(shortwave IR) imagery of Ian’s remnants from the perspective of GOES-16. Overlaid with 500 mb RAP mesoanalysis data.
While these bands individually can be used to point out these features, the forecaster notes that the Nighttime Microphysics RGB allows them to more readily identify and monitor these cloud features from the tropical cyclone remnants at night. This is driven by the RGB’s ability to combine information from multiple ABI bands (7, 13, and 15) to provide qualitative information for forecasters regarding cloud types and heights.
Nighttime Microphysics RGB imagery of Ian’s remnants from the perspective of GOES-16. Overlaid with 500 mb RAP mesoanalysis data.
Hurricane Ian made landfall along the Florida Gulf Coast near Cayo Costa at 1905 UTC on 28 September 2022 as a strong category 4 Hurricane, bringing with it intense winds, storm surge, and rainfall amounts. NOAA GOES and JPSS satellites provided imagery and products that weren’t only visually pleasing, but were critical to operations in tracking the storm.
In the days leading up to, and including, landfall, the National Hurricane Center continuously requested 30-second mesoscale sector imagery from GOES-East (GOES-16). The imagery captured the storm in tremendous detail, helping forecasters to pinpoint the center of circulation in real-time, track thunderstorm activity both in the eyewall and in the tornado-producing outer rain bands, and help to determine when landfall occurs. The high temporal resolution imagery was also leveraged in communicating the storm via social media and other media outlets.
Starting with the last sequence of images prior to landfall, GOES-East 30-second-updating 500-meter-spatial-resolution Channel 02 Visible imagery provided the best detail of Hurricane Ian. Focusing on the center of circulation, or eye, one can diagnose a fairly large eye, the presence of meso-vorticies within the eye, and thunderstorm activity within the eyewall (Fig 1).
Figure 1: 28 Sep 2022 GOES-East 30-sec VIS ending at the time of official landfall.
Now stepping back a few days, GOES-East 1-min VIS/IR sandwich imagery from the morning of the 26th captured active convection in great detail, as was noted in the NHC 11 AM forecast discussion (Fig 2): “The satellite presentation of Ian has improved this morning. Deep convection has increased within the inner core during the past several hours, with an expanding central dense overcast noted in recent satellite imagery.” The sandwich imagery combines the benefits of great spatial detail from the VIS with quantitative brightness temperature information from the IR.
GOES-East began collecting 30-second imagery later in the day on the 26th. The imagery toward sunset captures the center of circulation and associated convection, but no clear eye yet (Fig 3). The 5 PM update from NHC provides a basic view into how the satellite imagery was being leveraged: “The 18 UTC satellite classifications from SAB and TAFB were a consensus T4.5/77 kt, but the continued improvement in satellite structure warrants raising the initial intensity to 85 kt for this advisory.”
The NWS Weather Prediction Center routinely leveraged GOES Satellite imagery while monitoring Ian, including during the preparation of their Mesoscale Precipitation Discussions (MPDs). For example, from early on the 27th discussing thunderstorms over Florida: “These storms were tied to distant outer rainbands to the north of Hurricane Ian (Ian’s center located just south of western Cuba at 06Z) within a broad region of divergence aloft / northern outflow channel noted on infrared satellite imagery. (Fig 3.2)”
Figure 3.2: 27 Sep 2022 NWS/Weather Prediction Center MPD graphic. Associated text
During the evening of the 26th into the 27th, Ian advanced across western Cuba. By the morning of the 27th, Ian emerged off the coast of Cuba, with NHC noting at 11 AM: “The well-defined eye of Ian emerged off the coast of western Cuba about an hour ago.” GOES-East 30-second visible imagery reveals this evolution (Fig. 4).
By 5 PM on the 27th, the storm continued to strengthen, and NHC states: “The eye of Ian remains well-defined on visible imagery, although radar data from Key West suggest that an eyewall replacement could be in the initial stages.” GOES-East 30-second Geocolor imagery zoomed out demonstrates the massive size of Ian (Fig. 5). NHC forecast track, cone, and intensity can be loaded into AWIPS and displayed with imagery in order to provide additional context.
Figure 5: 27 Sep 2022 GOES-East 30-sec Geocolor+VIS Imagery with NHC forecast track, cone of uncertainty, and wind speed (sustained and gust).
A zoomed out full-day GOES-East 2-min VIS/IR sandwich animations shows the evolution of the storm on the 27th, including the large and open eye, and outer rain bands and convection (Fig 6). The Storm Prediction Center had a Slight Risk for severe thunderstorms (driven by the tornado threat) across all of south Florida. Numerous Tornado and Marine Warnings were issued by local NWS offices for supercells associated with Ian (plotted in the below animation), and 11 tornadoes were reported.
Figure 6: 27 Sep 2022 GOES-East 2-min VIS/IR sandwich imagery with NWS tornado and marine warnings.
By sunrise on the 28th, Hurricane Ian was making it’s final approach toward the Florida Gulf Coast. Early GOES-East 30-second visible imagery captured a very large eye, initially obscured by cirrus but clearing (Figure 7).
Refer back to Figure 1 for 30-second imagery capturing the landfall of Hurricane Ian during the early afternoon of the 28th.
After landfall, NHC noted in the 5 PM discussion: “While there hasn’t been much in situ data recently, satellite images show that the eye has become more cloud filled, and Tampa Doppler radar data is indicating a gradual reduction in winds.” A full day, 1-min-updating visible animation of Hurricane Ian’s evolution on the 28th is shown in Fig 7.5. Note the filling of the eye after landfall as was noted in the NHC discussion.
Figure 7.2: 28 Sep 2022 GOES-East 1-min VIS full day animation.
A zoomed out, full-day 2-min VIS/IR Sandwich imagery animation from the 28th from GOES-East is shown in Fig 7.3.
A longer-term animation of GOES-East Ch-13 IR animation shows the organization of Hurricane Ian within the GOES-East CONUS sector from the morning of the 25th in the Caribbean when Ian was a Tropical Storm, to around landfall during the afternoon of the 28th when Ian was a Major Hurricane (Figure 8).
Figure 8: 25-28 Sep 2022 GOES_East 10-min IR.
An animation covering the time period from early on the 27th through landfall on the 28th shows the total lightning activity, captured from the GOES-East GLM (Figure 9). Throughout the progression through the Gulf, there were numerous bursts of lightning associated with eyewall convection and with thunderstorms in the outer bands.
GOES-18, currently in post-launch testing, also collected 30-second imagery of Hurricane Ian as it made it’s approach through the Gulf of Mexico into Florida (Figure 10). From the GOES-West position, the imagery was captured at a steep viewing angle (far from the satellite subpoint), providing a unique perspective of the storm. GOES-18 ABI Imagery during this period was preliminary and non-operational.
Figure 10: 28 Sep 2022 GOES-18 30-sec VIS. GOES-18 data at this time was preliminary and non-operational.
A zoomed out animation of GOES-18 VIS/IR Sandwich Imagery captures the storm in the 5 hours leading up to landfall (Fig 10.2).
Figure 10.2: 28 Sep 2022 GOES-18 1-min VIS/IR Sandwich. GOES-18 data at this time was preliminary and non-operational.
VIIRS imagery from the NOAA-20 and S-NPP satellites provided very high resolution (375-m) imagery of Hurricane Ian as the storm was making landfall on the 28th. The IR imagery measured cloud top brightness temperatures colder than -73C, and the high spatial resolution IR and VIS and overhead (near nadir) look provided details about the shape and size of the eye, and thunderstorms within the eyewall and outer bands (Fig 11). The VIIRS Natural Color RGB from NOAA-20 provided additional details about the clouds (ice vs water) and surrounding clear sky areas by combining multiple channels into a single multispectral imagery product (Fig 12).
Figure 11: 28 September 2022 NOAA-20 VIIRS 375-m VIS (left) and IR (right).Figure 12: 28 September 2022 NOAA-20 VIIRS 375-m Natural Color RGB. Click to Enlarge. Credit Curtis Seaman for this image.
By the late morning/early afternoon of the 29th, Ian had traversed across the Florida Peninsula and progressed back over water in the Atlantic. With land and increasing shear taking its toll on the storm, the low-level circulation was now exposed. Day Cloud Phase Distinction RGB imagery combines the Ch13 IR, Ch05 NIR, and Ch02 VIS into a single image in order to provide information about cloud top phase. With tropical cyclones such as Ian at this point, the imagery helps to differentiate ice/high clouds (bright red/green/yellow) vs water/low clouds (bright blue/cyan), which itself makes it easier to identify the low-level circulation, thunderstorms, and low stratus clouds (Fig 13).
Figure 13: 29 Sept 2022 GOES-East 1-min Day Cloud Phase Distinction RGB imagery over Hurricane Ian.
Mid-September brought a period of active Fire Weather, resulting in several large wildfires and widespread smoke, to Pacific Northwest US. GOES and VIIRS Imagery provided stunning and operationally useful information about the environment and fires and smoke.
A GOES-West animation captures the ignition (or re-ignition) of wildfire hot spots coinciding with the development of dry air across the northwest US (Fig 1). The animation includes GOES-West Water Vapor Imagery (gray) with the derived TPW as an overlay (colors) and derived product wildfire hot spots (yellow pixels). As the dry air expands from the 7th to the 10th, numerous hot spots, including several large ones, appear. From the 10th to the 12th, moisture increases from the south and the west in association with a tropical cyclone (Kay) and a mid-altitude cyclone, respectively, helping to calm the fire activity.
Zooming out and focusing just on only GOES-West water vapor imagery, in the early part of the loop, we diagnose fairly strong northwest flow in the upper levels along with periodic disturbances across the Pacific Northwest (Fig 2). During the second half of the loop, increasing moisture and cloudiness are observed to develop across the region in associated with Kay from the south and the mid-latitude storm from the west.
Three of the significant wildfires during the period will be discussed below, using a GOES-West “Geocolor-Fire” procedure in AWIPS. The imagery display used to depict each wildfire includes a base of Geocolor in order to highlight the wildfire smoke plume and surrounding clouds and vegetation, with an overlay of ch07, ch06, and ch05, in order to show details of the wildfire hot spot. The swir/nir overlay are included as varying degrees of transparency and colors with final colors ranging from red to yellow to white for “lesser” to “greater” wildfire intensities (similar to with the Fire Temperature RGB). While this procedure is great for communicating/depicting a given wildfire and tracking smoke coverage, it should not be used for new fire hotspot detection since relatively “cool” hot spots will be missed. It is recommended to stick to basic ch07 single band imagery for that task.
On the 8th, the Mosquito Fire located between Sacramento and Lake Tahoe experienced a period of rapid growth and smoke output. The fire, which began on Sep 6, grew from under 7000 acres on the morning of Sep 8 to 29,000 acres in the afternoon of the 9th. The fire had grown to 46,000 acres by Sep 12. The Geocolor-Fire procedure captures the large and intense heat signature, along with the dense smoke plume as it races east over lake Tahoe (Fig 3). Additionally, periods of pyrocumulus clouds are observed over the fire. One-minute temporal resolution allows one to observe the hot spot and smoke plume evolve in ~real-time and with smooth animations, as opposed to waiting for relatively choppy animations with longer timesteps.
Forecasters and satellite analysts are aware that smoke is particularly difficult to detect at night in satellite imagery given the absence of reflectance channels, and weak to no signal in infrared channels. Therefore, although currently only available over any given location of the CONUS 2-4 times per evening within a timespan of 55 min – 3.5 hours, VIIRS Day Night Band Near Constant Contrast Imagery is a valuable operational tool for detecting and tracking wildfire smoke at night.
For the Mosquito Fire, overnight, smoke is observed maintaining a presence from Modesto north to Sacramento, and east over Lake Tahoe and Reno. This knowledge can be useful for aviation forecasts, temperature forecasts, and general communication to the public. The light emitted from the wildfire itself can also be observed in the imagery, providing more information on which parts of the fire are more or less active. In this case, the wildfire is located just left of center in the image, just south of I-80, and appears as a “v-shape”.
On Sep 9, the Cedar Creek Fire in Oregon, which began on Aug 1, grew from 33,100 acres in the morning to 51,800 acres the morning of the 10th. The fire had grown to 86,000 acres by Sep 11 PM. Geocolor-Fire imagery shows an intense hot spot and smoke plume already by sunrise, with smoke streaming over Eugene, OR all day. (Fig 5)
Overnight VIIRS NCC product shows the densest portion of the smoke plume shifting north north of Eugene and toward Portland. The wildfire is the bright area in the lower right part of the image, and is burning strongest on the western front, with continued slightly weaker burning to the east.
Finally, The Bolt Creek fire east of Seattle initiated early in the morning on Sep 10, and grew to 7,600 acres by the early afternoon of the 11th. Geocolor-Fire Imagery captures some of this rapid growth during the day of the 10th, along with a growing smoke plume as it drifted west over northern parts of Seattle (Fig 7). Occasionally “bursts” in updraft activity over the fire sent smoke slightly higher in the atmosphere and subsequently to the east as it tapped into the westerly flow aloft.
The VIIRS NCC during the following evening captures widespread smoke across the area along with increasing cloud cover. Focusing in on the wildfire located in the center of the image, a relatively dense plume of smoke is diagnosed streaming north over the northern Seattle suburbs. A relatively bright ring of light marks the outer perimeter of much of the fire.
Satellite Liaison Blog 